INTROVERSION/ EXTRAVERSION Dimensions of Personality Kathleen Ames-Oliver University Of Kansas HR - Learning & Development Trait Theories of Personality Measuring Introversion Extraversion Jungs Type Theory
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Five Factor Model (FFM) D.W.Fiske (1949) International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-NEO) Eysenck Trait Theory Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Based on Swiss psychologist Carl Jungs Type Theory (1920s) Behavior is individual and predictable Developed by Katherine Briggs (mother) and Isabel Myers (daughter) (1940s) 40+ years of research Most widely used personality indicator in the world Approximately 1 to 3 million people are administered the MBTI each year
MBTI Preference Scales Extraversion ------------ Introversion Sensing ------------
INtuition Thinking ------------ Feeling Judgment
------------ Perception MBTI Introversion refers to a tendency to prefer the world inside oneself. The more obvious features of introversion are reserve, distaste for social functions, and a love of privacy.
Extraversion is the tendency to look to the outside world, particularly people, for one's pleasures. Extraverts are generally sociable and they enjoy social activities, but they don't Five-factor model (FFM) One of the more prominent models in contemporary psychology is what is known as the five-factor model of personality.
The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience The five-factor model of personality The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in
terms of five basic dimensions: conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness
extroversion-introversion Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Psychological Bulletin, Vol 117(2), Mar 1995. pp. 216-220. Five Factor Extraversion - Introversion Extraversion is defined as a trait characterized by a broad disposition to experience positive affects to seek out and enjoy social experiences, and to have the energy to pursue
goals and be engaged in life's tasks Introversion (low in E) is described as quiet, reserved, retiring, shy, silent, withdrawn, with emotional blandness and over-control of impulses. Eysencks Trait Theory Hans Eysenck (1916-1998) Eysenck focused on normal and pathological populations. He felt that many traits are biologically
based and were shaped by evolutionary forces (e.g., extraversion, neuroticism). He used factor analysis to identify traits. Eysenck's Three Personality Factors: Extraversion (- Introversion). Neuroticism. Psychoticism. Extraversion -Introversion
Extraversion - Introversion: Introversion: tendermindedness; introspectiveness; seriousness; performance interfered with by excitement; easily aroused but restrained, inhibited; preference for solitary vocations; sensitivity to pain. Extraversion: toughmindedness;
impulsiveness; tendency to be outgoing; desire for novelty; performance enhanced by excitement; preference for vocations involving Extraversion-Introversion Measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) High extraversion: Talkative, outgoing, likes meeting new people and going to new places, active, bored easily, hates routine Low extraversion: Quiet, withdrawn, prefers being alone or with a few friends to large crowds, prefers
routines, prefers familiar to unexpected Extraversion-Introversion Eysencks theory Introverts have a higher level than extraverts of activity in the brains ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) People strive to keep ARAS activity at optimal levelintroverts work to decrease and avoid stimulation; extraverts work to
increase and seek out stimulation Extraversion-Introversion Eysencks theory Research indicates that introverts and extraverts are NOT different at resting levels, but introverts ARE more reactive to moderate levels of stimulation than extraverts This work led Eysenck to revise his theorythe difference between introverts and extraverts
lies in arousability, not in baseline arousal Extraversion-Introversion Eysencks theory When given a choice, extraverts prefer higher levels of stimulation than introverts Geen (1984): Introverts and extraverts choose different levels of stimulation, but equivalent in arousal under chosen stimulation
Extraversion-Introversion Eysencks theory Introverts and extraverts perform task best under their chosen stimulation level, poor when performing under a stimulation level chosen by the other group The Culture Variable
Western countries show a preference for Extraversion. Eastern countries show a preference for Introversion. United States has a strong preference for Extraversion. McCreas Map Ambivert?
16% Extravert 68% Ambivert 16% Introvert Resources Five Factor Personality Test http://www.personalitytest.org.uk/ Eysenck Personality Test http://xestia.net/tests/epq.php MBTI http://www.capt.org/take-mbti-assessment/
contact.htm http://personalitypage.com/ Resources Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Cant Stop Talking (Susan Cain) The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extraverted World (Marti Olsen Laney) Do What You Are (Barbara Barron-Tieger & Paul Tieger) Life Types (Sandra Hirsh & Jean Kummerow) The Biological Basis of Personality (H.J. Eysenck)
The Owner's Manual for Personality at Work: How the Big Five Personality Traits Affect Your Performance, Communication, Teamwork, Leadership, and Sales (Pierce J. Howard ) The Introvert Advantage Video http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=pWeM59f0lfo&feature=related
